Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration: a modelling approach
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract. Here we present results of digital modelling a specific setting hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis (CAS). We study an unconfined aquifer where meteoric water seeps through the vadose zone and becomes saturated with respect to calcite when it arrives at table. From below, deep-seated high pCO2 invades limestone formation by forced flow. Two flow domains arise that host exclusively from or source. They are separated divide. There dispersion flow, fringe mixing arises widening fractures is caused corrosion (MC). The evolution cave system determined its early state. At sites rates fracture widening, regions higher hydraulic conductivity created. attract support one-by-one maximal dissolution rates. Therefore, karstification originating close input upwelling output seepage face. In between these regions, wide moderate present. later stage evolution, this region divided constrictions originate statistical variations aperture widths favour focus into region. This MC-fringe instability intrinsic property in all scenarios studied. have investigated influence defined widths. These determine patterns suppress instabilities. discussed ratio flux on water. specifies position consequently system. further step, explored time-dependent recharge. Furthermore, modelled waters undersaturated calcite. findings give important insight mechanisms CAS special aquifers. also implications for understanding corresponding sulfuric (SAS).
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['1607-7938', '1027-5606']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021